Fabric and time to sample
Terminal leaves, with petioles, of the middle third of the cane of the year (they are the third or fourth leaf counted from the end). The sampling date affects all elements at the leaf level.
It is considered that for remontant crops, the most appropriate time for tissue analysis is mid-January-February, since there is greater foliar stability (harvest beginnings). For the Heritage remontant cultivar, tissue analysis should be done at the end of the first bloom harvest, the same as for Meeker and Williamette.
At the time of planting, it is recommended to apply a fertilization that includes nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), in bands, to the side of the row. A soil analysis can be done before planting and use its result as a reference, to determine C.E., pH, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and boron (B) available. Compared with other fruit trees, raspberry is more difficult to evaluate, since it presents greater analytical variations than in other fruit trees, making fertilization recommendations more difficult.
Critical levels
Raspberry cultivars have different foliar compositions, although their “adequate” contents remain within ranges. Greater importance should be given to the levels of nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). As the season progresses, the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and zinc (Zn) contents tend to decrease, while calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) increase. When the plant is forming canes or roots during its establishment, the raspberry needs more nitrogen (N) than in the adult stage. In this period, excess nitrogen (N) reduces yield.
Soil analysis, prior to planting, is used to assess its nutritional potential.
The practical importance of these levels is as follows:
Once the crop is established, it is appropriate to use the foliar analysis as a guide to evaluate the fertilization done and/or what should be reinforced. In addition, a balance must be made between the fertilizers applied and the extraction of the crop.
The pH factor is supposed to have the following effects:
• They are tolerant of values between 5.5 and 7.5.
• Very acid soils are detrimental to their development, since they can produce
toxicities.
• On the other hand, alkaline soils can induce a deficiency of magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn).
• The ideal pH is between 6.0 and 6.5.
Symptoms of deficiency and excess of the main nutrients and recommendations for their correction
Deficiency
Nitrogen (N) definitely influences vegetative vigour, although it can also affect the quality and yield of the fruit. When deficient, the leaves are small, green in color pale or yellow and the development of the cane is limited. The fruits are scarcer and smaller. The Plants are more susceptible to frost (“winter damage”). Excess stimulates a larger number of more vigorous canes, which tend to be more susceptible to infections; the leaves are longer and very dark green. The quantity of the fruit, its flavor and postharvest are negatively affected. The plant takes time to go dormant. Low carbohydrate content reduces the ability of tissues to hold “water retained”, which freezes at lower temperatures than “free water”. This acts as a cold protection. Therefore, any condition leading to a deficiency should be avoided. of carbohydrates: the lack of some nutrients, insect attack, diseases, deficiency water, weak plant development or excessive applications of nitrogen (N); or when these applications have been late.
Deficiency Correction
The deficiency is corrected by applying a nitrogen (N) carrier. fertilizer application It must be done before sprouting (beginning of spring).
Deficiency
It influences the growth, especially the formation of roots and the maturation of the seeds and fruits. The raspberry has a low consumption of phosphorus (P), so its deficiency is not current.
Deficiency Correction
It is corrected by using a phosphorus (P) carrier and/or incorporating phosphoric acid, into the irrigation system, as well as soluble products such as urea phosphate, mono ammonium phosphate (MAP) and monopotassium phosphate (MKP).
Deficiency
This element is important for the fruits to be healthy and vigorous; increases resistance to The diseases.
Deficiency Correction
It is corrected by applying potassium chloride (KCl) or potassium sulfate (K2SO4) to the soil and/or in the technical irrigation system; potassium nitrate (KNO3) can also be used.
Deficiency
As an essential constituent of chlorophyll, magnesium (Mg) is related to the production of carbs. The deficiency causes yellowness in the leaves.
Deficiency Correction
It is corrected by using magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4 * 7 H2O) in the irrigation system technified.
Deficiency
The leaves turn a pale green color; yellow or white, similar to iron (Fe) deficiency. The interveinal tissue of the older leaves becomes necrotic. The internodes are short.
Deficiency Correction
It is corrected by spraying with zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) at 0.1%, (1 kg/1000 lt of water) (without neutralization), applied in winter; or spray during the growing season with a zinc (Zn) carrier. Acidifying the soil by incorporating sulfuric acid (H2SO4) into the irrigation system. Alternatively it can be sprayed with commercial products containing zinc (Zn).
Deficiency
The older leaves turn yellow in the interveinal zone. The vein remains green.
Deficiency Correction
It is corrected by spraying with 0.2% manganese sulfate (MnSO4) (2 kg/1000 lt of water), mixed with 25 cc/100 lt of neutralizing concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Prepared previously separately. It is applied when the leaves are well developed. In case the soil pH is 7.0 or more, soil acidification proceeds, as for the case of iron (Fe). This also contributes to freeing the zinc (Zn), to make it available.
Deficiency
New terminal leaves turn yellow to white; then the edges of the sheet brown, as well as in the interveinal area.
Deficiency Correction
It is corrected by spraying with some carrier of this element. If the soil pH were 7.0 or Furthermore, the medium must be acidified using sulfur (S) or sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in the irrigation system.
Deficiency
In spring, its deficiency delays sprouting: the new leaves are elongated and there is death of the outbreaks, the latter occurring when the deficiency is severe.
Deficiency Correction
It is corrected by spraying the foliage with any boron-based product such as boric acid, mono ethanol amine and sodium octoborate, or Speedfol® B SP in spring. Apply boric acid through of fertigation.
Observations
Raspberries produce best on larger culms with short internodes. For most varieties and to obtain good yields it is recommended that the canes have 2 to 2.5m, with 9 to 12 canes per plant. In this sense, the nitrogen fertilization program must be maintained to obtain this development. The other elements do not influence growth, although they are necessary. These must be applied according to the result of the foliar analysis. Before establishing a plantation, it is advisable to carry out a soil analysis to determine:
pH, potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and boron (B) available.
Soil nitrogen analysis is not reliable, so it only serves as a reference; such as the exchange capacity (C.I.C) and the percentage of base saturation. In clayey soils or with a high organic matter content, soil analysis is particularly important.
When new plants start to grow, approximately half of the recommended annual rate for Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K) should be applied. These should be applied in bands to each side of the row and buried. It should be fertilized every year, according to the results of the foliar analysis.
DETAILED INFORMATION ABOUT YOUR CROPS
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