La région du Takistan compte des cultures de raisins de la variété Thompson Seedless (ou Sultana). Ils sont livrés frais ou utilisés pour produire des raisins secs. Les raisins secs sont vendus au bord de la route (Figure 1), comme la plupart des fruits produits en Iran.
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Figure 1. Stands de raisins secs au bord de la route près de la ville de Takistan en Iran.
Les vignes iraniennes sont cultivées sans treillis, elles sont dressées pour pousser vers le haut et sur les crêtes construites (Figures 2, 3). Les rameaux porteurs de raisins se développent sans soutien sur les sections de vigne sur la crête. La croissance des baies sans pépins est stimulée par l’acide gibbérellique pendant la floraison, ce qui donne un rendement en raisin de 24 MT par ha et se traduit par un rendement en raisin sec de 8 MT/ha. Les raisins secs sont produits dans des hangars ouverts comprenant des claies (Figure 4) ou par séchage direct au soleil.
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Figure 2. Les vignes sont plantées dans le creux entre des crêtes parallèles et sont formées pour pousser vers le haut et sur le sommet de la crête. Les vignes présentées ont 40 ans d’âge.
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Figure 3. La culture au printemps se fait à l’aide de houes. Les mauvaises herbes et les herbes sont travaillées dans le sol. La culture réduit également la prévalence des insectes.
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Figure 4. Hangar ouvert comprenant des claies de séchage utilisées pour la production de raisins secs.
En hiver, pour protéger les vignes du froid extrême que connaît la région, elles sont souvent recouvertes d’une épaisse couche de terre (enterrées). Du fumier de poulet est utilisé pour fertiliser les vignes et conditionner le sol. Par vigne, 300 à 1 000 g sont appliqués deux fois par an : à la fin de l’hiver et au printemps. Le fumier est travaillé dans le sol autour de la base de chaque vigne. Trois kg de 20-20-20 (N -P2O5 - K2O), avec un litre d'une formulation d’acide humique, appliqués à l’eau atteignant les pieds de la vigne lors de l’irrigation par submersion, sont appliqués au stade 2 (phase de retard de croissance des baies jusqu’à la véraison) du développement des baies. Des pulvérisations de formulations à base de bore et de chélate de zinc sont effectuées après la récolte afin de répondre aux besoins de ces micro-nutriments pour la croissance de la saison suivante. Il convient de noter que le pH du sol dépasse généralement 7,3 et que les sols contiennent souvent une quantité importante d’argile (>20 %).
Navid Barahimi et Sina Jafari de Sepahan Rooyesh Co. (Figure 5) participent activement au développement du marché iranien de la vigne pour les mélanges d’engrais hydrosolubles avec des rations plus adaptées à la culture de la vigne, ainsi que pour les produits granulaires conçus pour l’épandage de base. Qrop® KS et Qrop® Complex Top K sont en cours de développement pour les applications de fond, et Ultrasol® Magnum P44 (phosphate d’urée), Ultrasol® 13-3-43, Ultrasol® Calmag et les gammes Ultrasol® K-acid et Ultrasol® AntiStress pour les applications en surface. Le Dr Oosthuyse a contribué à la mise en place de programmes de fertilisation spécifiques.
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Figure 5. Navid Barahimi (à gauche - directeur du support technique) et Sina Jafari (à droite - directeur du développement du marché) de Sepahan Rooyesh Co. participent activement au développement du marché iranien de la vigne pour les engrais hydrosolubles dotés de ratios de nutriments plus adaptés à la culture de la vigne.
La production totale de pommes de terre dans la province de Hamadan est de 30 000 ha, tandis que les pommes de terre de semence sont cultivées sur environ 5 000 ha. Cette région est également connue pour la production de graines de canola, de blé, d’orge, de luzerne et de tournesol. La luzerne est très recherchée pour sa haute teneur en protéines. Les producteurs locaux de pommes de terre de semence ont reçu une présentation des concepts de nutrition dans la pomme de terre ainsi que des informations sur la capacité du nitrate de potassium à maximiser la taille et le nombre de tubercules.
Le terme « pomme de terre de semence » peut prêter à confusion : ces pommes de terre ne sont pas cultivées pour la semence, mais pour les tubercules qui sont plantés afin de générer la récolte suivante destinée à la consommation par l’homme. Les pommes de terre de semence sont expédiées sur les marchés locaux et à l’étranger (par exemple, en Irak et au Kazakhstan) lorsque ces marchés ont besoin de semences. Les pommes de terre de semence sont emballées dans des sacs de 50 kg et stockées dans des chambres froides en piles soutenues par des cadres métalliques (Figure 6). Les deux premiers mois, les tubercules sont placés en chambre froide à 4 °C après la récolte pour éviter que les yeux (bourgeons ultérieurs du tubercule) ne germent. C’est ce qu’on appelle la dormance induite.
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Figure 6. Après la récolte, les pommes de terre de semence sont stockées dans une chambre froide à une température de 4 °C dans des piles soutenues par des cadres métalliques.
Avant la plantation, chaque pomme de terre est coupée équatorialement en trois ou quatre sections pour augmenter le nombre de plants. Lors de la plantation de sections de tubercules pour produire des pommes de terre de semence, la terre est d’abord striée. L’engrais granulaire est placé dans la butte (application de fond). L’émergence des plants se produit généralement au cours de la deuxième moitié d’avril. La date de récolte dépend de la variété cultivée. Les variétés cultivées comprennent notamment : Aspargis, Fontane, Arnova, Banba (résistant aux nématodes) et Agria (à chair jaune, ancienne lignée européenne - Figure 7). En général, les plantations de pommes de terre de semence génèrent des rendements de l’ordre de 45 MT par ha. Dans la culture des pommes de terre de consommation, un rendement de 60 MT/ha est atteint.
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Figure 7. L’Agria est une pomme de terre à chair jaune, issue d’une ancienne lignée européenne. C’est toujours une variété populaire en Iran.
Les terres de pommes de terre de semence sont irriguées par des micro-asperseurs surélevés ou aériens. Ceux-ci se soulèvent du niveau du sol lorsqu’ils sont pressurisés et sont espacés de 12 mètres.
Pour augmenter le rendement, la taille et la durée de conservation, il a été souligné que le KNO3 devait être répandu à partir de la floraison jusqu’à la récolte. Il est conseillé d’appliquer 100 kg/ha d’Ultrasoll®K par ha et de procéder au moins à 4 applications à deux semaines d’intervalle. Il a également été conseillé d’effectuer des applications de 50 kg/ha de nitrate de calcium par hectare entre les applications d’Ultrasol® K pour améliorer la finition des tubercules, cette pratique étant particulièrement pertinente pour la pomme de terre de table. Il a été insisté sur le fait que Qrop® KS (KNO3 perlé) devait être utilisé dans l’application de fond pour répondre aux besoins de base en potassium et en sulfate. Des recherches ont été présentées pour étayer ces recommandations.
